Apparatus and method for padding and packet extension for downlink multiuser transmission

ABSTRACT

A transmission method comprises: generating a transmission signal including OFDM symbols, wherein the last OFDM symbol of the OFDM symbols can be partitioned into four segments, and wherein the generating includes: computing an initial padding factor value associated with one of the four segments and computing an initial number of OFDM symbols; determining a user with a longest packet duration among plural users; determining a common padding factor value being the initial padding factor value and a common number of OFDM symbols being the initial number of OFDM symbols of the determined user with the longest packet duration; adding pre-FEC padding bits toward one of four possible boundaries of the last OFDM symbol, the one of four possible boundaries being represented by the determined common padding factor value; and adding post-FEC padding bits in remaining segment(s) of the last OFDM symbol; and transmitting the generated transmission signal.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure generally pertains to wireless communicationsand, more particularly, to a method for formatting and transmitting datain a wireless communications system.

2. Description of the Related Art

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11Working Group is developing 802.11ax HE (High Efficiency) WLAN (WirelessLocal Area Network) air interface in order to achieve a very substantialincrease in the real-world throughput achieved by users in high densityscenarios. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)multiuser transmission has been envisioned as one of the most importantfeatures in 802.11ax. OFDMA is a multiple access scheme that performsmultiple operations of data streams to and from the plurality of usersover the time and frequency resources of the OFDM (Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing) system.

Frequency scheduling is generally performed for OFDMA multiusertransmission in 802.11ax. According to frequency scheduling, a radiocommunication access point apparatus (hereinafter simply “access point”or “AP”) adaptively assigns subcarriers to a plurality of radiocommunication station apparatuses (hereinafter simply “terminalstations” or “STAs”) based on reception qualities of frequency bands ofthe STAs. This makes it possible to obtain a maximum multiuser diversityeffect and to perform communication quite efficiently.

Frequency scheduling is generally performed based on a Resource Unit(RU). A RU comprises a plurality of consecutive subcarriers. A RU mayhave different types depending on the number of constituent subcarriersper RU. The RUs are assigned by an AP to each of a plurality of STAswith which the AP communicates. The RU assignment result of frequencyscheduling performed by the AP shall be reported to the STAs as RUassignment information. In addition, the AP shall also report othercontrol signaling such as common control information and per-userallocation information to STAs. IEEE Std 802.11ac-2013 is an example ofrelated art.

SUMMARY

The transmission for all the STAs in downlink OFDMA shall end at thesame time. Padding is a straightforward method for achieving this goal.In addition, packet extension may be applied to an HE packet in orderfor the receiver to have enough time to process the last OFDM symbol ofthe received HE packet since 802.11ax has an OFDM symbol duration whichis four time larger than 802.11n/ac. Packet extension increases systemoverhead but reduces the implementation complexity of the receiver.Studies are underway to perform efficient padding and packet extensionfor downlink OFDMA multiuser transmission in 802.11ax to compromiseimplementation complexity and system overhead.

In one general aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature: atransmission method comprising: generating a transmission signal foreach of a plurality of users, the transmission signal including aplurality of OFDM symbols for a data field, wherein the last OFDM symbolof the plurality of OFDM symbols can be partitioned into four segments,and wherein the generating of the transmission signal includes:computing, for each of the plurality of users, an initial padding factorvalue that is associated with one of the four segments and computing,for each of the plurality of users, an initial number of OFDM symbolsfor the data field; determining a user with a longest packet durationamong the plurality of users; determining a common padding factor valuethat is the initial padding factor value of the determined user with thelongest packet duration; determining a common number of OFDM symbolsthat is the initial number of OFDM symbols for the data field of thedetermined user with the longest packet duration; adding, for each ofthe plurality of users, pre-FEC padding bits toward one of four possibleboundaries of the last OFDM symbol, the one of four possible boundariesbeing represented by the determined common padding factor value; andadding post-FEC padding bits in remaining segment(s) of the last OFDMsymbol; and transmitting the generated transmission signal.

With padding and packet extension for downlink OFDMA multiusertransmission of the present disclosure, it is possible to minimizeimplementation complexity of the receiver while suppressing an increaseof the system overhead due to packet extension.

It should be noted that general or specific embodiments may beimplemented as a system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computerprogram, a storage medium, or any selective combination thereof

Additional benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments willbecome apparent from the specification and drawings. The benefits and/oradvantages may be individually obtained by the various embodiments andfeatures of the specification and drawings, which need not all beprovided in order to obtain one or more of such benefits and/oradvantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating the format of a HE (High Efficiency)packet complying with the 802.11ax specification framework document;

FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating example padding and PE (PacketExtension) for the HE packet for single user transmission in the case ofno STBC (Space-Time Block Coding) according to a prior art;

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding and PE related parameters for single user transmissionaccording to a prior art;

FIG. 4 shows a diagram illustrating the example padding and PE for theHE packet for downlink multiuser transmission in the case of no STBCaccording to a prior art;

FIG. 5 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding and PE related parameters for downlink multiusertransmission according to a first embodiment of a first aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding and PE related parameters for downlink multiusertransmission according to a second embodiment of the first aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding and PE related parameters for downlink multiusertransmission according to a third embodiment of the first aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for usergrouping according to a second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 shows a diagram illustrating example padding and PE for the HEpacket for downlink multiuser transmission in the case of no STBCaccording to the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding related parameters for the second group according to a firstembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 shows a diagram illustrating the content of the HE-SIG-A of theHE packet according to the first embodiment of the second aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 12A shows a diagram illustrating the content of each user specificsubfield of the HE-SIG-B of the HE packet according to the firstembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12B shows another diagram illustrating the content of each userspecific subfield of the HE-SIG-B of the HE packet according to thefirst embodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding related parameters for the second group according to asecond embodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningthe padding related parameters for the second group according to a thirdembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15 shows a block diagram illustrating an example configuration ofthe AP (Access Point) according to the present disclosure; and

FIG. 16 shows a block diagram illustrating an example configuration ofthe STA according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described indetail with reference to the annexed drawings. In the followingdescription, a detailed description of known functions andconfigurations has been omitted for clarity and conciseness.

<Underlying Knowledge Forming Basis of the Present Disclosure>

FIG. 1 illustrates a format of an HE (High Efficiency) packet 100complying with the 802.11ax SFD (Specification Framework Document) [seeIEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax, November2015]. The HE packet 100 includes: a legacy preamble comprising a legacyshort training field (L-STF) 102, a legacy long training field (L-LTF)104 and a legacy signal field (L-SIG) 106; an HE preamble comprising arepeated L-SIG field (RL-SIG) 108, a first HE signal field (HE-SIG-A)110, a second HE signal field (HE-SIG-B) 112, an HE short training field(HE-STF) 114 and an HE long training field (HE-LTF) 116; a HE data field120; and a packet extension (PE) field 122.

The legacy preamble (102, 104, 106) is used to facilitate backwardscompatibility with the legacy 802.11a/g/n/ac standards. The L-STF 102and L-LTF 104 are primarily used for packet detection, AGC (AutomaticGain Control) setting, frequency offset estimation, time synchronizationand channel estimation. The L-SIG 106, together with the RL-SIG 108 inthe HE preamble which is duplicated from the L-SIG 106, is used toassist in differentiating the HE packet 100 from the legacy802.11a/g/n/ac packets. In addition, the L-SIG 106 comprises a Lengthfield which indicates the transmission time of the HE packet 100.

The HE-SIG-A 110 in the HE preamble carries common control informationrequired to interpret the remaining fields of the HE packet 100. In thecase of the HE packet 100 for single user transmission, the HE-SIG-A 110comprises signaling fields such as bandwidth, MCS (Modulation and CodingScheme), the number of spatial streams (Nss), coding, STBC (Space TimeBlock Coding), a-factor, PE Disambiguity and LDPC Extra Symbol, etc. Thecoding field indicates whether the FEC (Forward Error Correction)applied to the HE data field 120 is BCC (Binary Convolutional Code) orLDPC (Low Density Parity Code). The STBC field indicates whether STBC isapplied to the HE data field 120. The usage of the a-factor field, thePE Disambiguity field and the LDPC Extra Symbol field will be explainedlater. In the case of the HE packet 100 for downlink multiusertransmission, the HE-SIG-A 110 comprises signaling fields such asbandwidth, SIGB MCS, SIGB Number of Symbols, a-factor, PE Disambiguityand LDPC Extra Symbol, etc.

The HE-SIG-B 112 in the HE preamble comprises a common field followed bya user specific field. The common field contains RU assignmentinformation (e.g., the RU arrangement in frequency domain and the numberof users multiplexed in each RU). If a RU is designated for single usertransmission, the number of users multiplexed in the RU is one. If a RUis designated for MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output)transmission, the number of users multiplexed in the RU is two or more.The user specific field comprises a plurality of user specificsubfields. Each of the user specific subfields carries per-userallocation information. For each RU designated for single usertransmission, there is only a single corresponding user specificsubfield, which contains signaling fields such as STA identifier, MCS,coding and the number of spatial streams (Nss), etc. For each RUdesignated for MU-MIMO transmission with K multiplexed users, there areK corresponding user specific subfields, each comprising signalingfields such as STA identifier, MCS, coding and spatial configuration,etc. The ordering of the user specific subfields in the user specificfield is compliant with the RU arrangement signaled by the common field.The HE-SIG-B 112 does not exist in the HE packet 100 if it intends to beused for single user transmission or for uplink triggered basedmultiuser transmission. For uplink triggered based multiusertransmission, RU assignment information and per-user allocationinformation for designated transmitting STAs are preset at the AP andtransmitted in a trigger frame by the AP to the designated transmittingSTAs.

The HE-STF 114 in the HE preamble is used to reset AGC and reduces thedynamic range requirement on the ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter). TheHE-LTF 116 in the HE preamble is provided for MIMO channel estimationfor receiving and equalizing the HE data field 120.

When BCC encoding is used for a STA, the HE data field 120 for the STAcomprises the SERVICE field, the PSDU (Physical Layer Service DataUnit), the PHY (Physical Layer) padding bits and the tail bits. Notethat the PSDU includes the MAC (Media Access Control Layer) paddingbits. When LDPC encoding is used for a STA, the HE data field 120 forthe STA comprises the SERVICE field, the PSDU and the PHY padding bits.The HE data field 120 for a STA is transmitted on its designated RUspanning all of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120.

The PE field 122 carries null data, which is purely used to allow thereceiver to have enough time to process the last OFDM symbol of the HEdata field 120.

Details of transmission processing for the L-STF 102, the L-LTF 104, theL-SIG 106, the RL-SIG 108, the HE-SIG-A 110, the HE-SIG-B 112, theHE-STF 114, the HE-LTF 116, the HE data field 120 and the PE field 122can be found in the 802.11ax SFD [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13,Specification Framework for TGax, November 2015].

According to the 802.11ax SFD [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, SpecificationFramework for TGax, November 2015], a two-step padding process isapplied to the HE data field 120 of the HE packet 100. A pre-FEC paddingwith both MAC and PHY padding is applied before conducting FEC coding,and a post-FEC PHY padding is applied on the FEC encoded bits (includinginformation bits, pre-FEC padding bits and FEC parity bits). The pre-FECpadding may pad toward four possible boundaries in the last one or twoOFDM symbols of the HE data field 120 of the HE packet 100 depending onwhether STBC is applied to the HE data field 120. If no STBC is appliedto the HE data field 120, the pre-FEC padding may pad toward fourpossible boundaries in the last OFDM symbol of the HE data field 120.Otherwise, the pre-FEC padding may pad toward four possible boundariesin the last two OFDM symbols of the HE data field 120. The four possibleboundaries are represented by a so-called a-factor parameter, whichpartition the FEC encoded bit stream of the last OFDM symbol(s) intofour symbol segments.

FIG. 2 illustrates various examples of padding and PE for the HE packet100 for single user transmission in the case of no STBC according to aprior art [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax,November 2015 & IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1, HE PHY Padding and PacketExtension, September 2015]. In this example, for the a-factor having avalue of 1, 2 or 3, the pre-FEC padding pads toward the first boundary,the second boundary or the third boundary in the last OFDM symbol of theHE data field 120. For the a-factor having a value of 4, the pre-FECpadding pads toward the end of the last OFDM symbol of the HE data field120. The duration of the PE field 122 is a function of the pre-FECpadding boundary in the last OFDM symbol of the HE data field 120.Details of how the transmitter calculates the duration of the PE field122 can be found in the 802.11ax SFD [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13,Specification Framework for TGax, November 2015 & IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1,HE PHY Padding and Packet Extension, September 2015]. If the LDPC isapplied to the HE data field 120, the receiver needs not processpost-FEC padding bits in the last OFDM symbol of the HE data field 120.As a result, even if the duration of the PE field 122 is reduced for thesmaller a-factor (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2 , the duration of thePE field 122 in the case of the a-factor having a value of 1 is smallerthan that in the case of the a-factor having a value of 2, 3 or 4), thereceiver still has enough time to process the last OFDM symbol of the HEdata field 120. In this way, implementation complexity of the receiveris minimized while an increase of the system overhead due to packetextension is suppressed.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example method 300 for determining the padding andPE related parameters for single user transmission according to a priorart [see IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1, HE PHY Padding and Packet Extension,September 2015]. The method 300 starts at step 302 based on thefollowing parameters:N _(CBPS,short) =N _(SD,short) ·N _(ss) ·N _(BPSCS)N _(DBPS,short) =N _(CBPS,short) ·Rwhere N_(SD,short) is the number of data subcarriers for each of thefirst three symbol segments, determined by the bandwidth which isindicated in the HE-SIG-A 110; N_(SS) is the number of spatial streamswhich is indicated in the HE-SIG-A 110; R is the code rate, determinedby the MCS which is indicated in the HE-SIG-A 110; and NBPSCS is thenumber of coded bits per subcarrier, determined by the MCS which isindicated in the HE-SIG-A 110.

At step 304, an initial number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120and an initial a-factor value are computed. The initial number of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 is computed by the following formula:

$N_{SYM\_ init} = {m_{STBC} \cdot \left\lceil \frac{{8 \cdot {APEP\_ LENGTH}} + {N_{tail} \cdot N_{ES}} + N_{service}}{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{DBPS}} \right\rceil}$where APEP_LENGTH is the A-MPDU (Aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit)length prior to end-of-frame MAC padding; N_(tail) is the number of tailbits and has a value of 6 for BCC and 0 for LDPC; N_(ES) is the numberof BCC encoders and has a value of either 1 or 2, determined by the MCS,N_(SS) and bandwidth which are indicated in the HE-SIG-A 110;N_(service) is the length of the SERVICE field and has a value of 16;m_(STBC) has a value of 2 for STBC and 1 for no STBC; and N_(DBPS) isthe number of data bits per OFDM symbol, determined by the MCS andbandwidth which are indicated in the HE-SIG-A 110. The initial a-factoris computed by the following formula:

$a_{init} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{1,{{{if}0} < N_{excess} \leq {m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}}} \\{2,{{{if}{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}} < N_{excess} \leq {2 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}}} \\{3,{{{if}{2 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}} < N_{excess} \leq {3 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}}} \\{4,{{{{if}{3 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}}} < N_{excess} \leq {{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{DBPS}}{OR}N_{excess}}} = 0}}\end{matrix} \right.$where the number of excess information bits in the last OFDM symbol(s)of the HE data field 120 is shown by the following formula.N _(excess)=mod(8·APEP_LENGTH+N _(tail) ·N _(ES) +N _(service) ·m_(STBC) ·N _(DBPS))

At step 306, the number of pre-FEC padding bits is computed based on theinitial number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and the initiala-factor value by the following formula.

${N_{{PAD},{{PRE} - {FEC}}} = {{\left( {N_{SYM\_ init} - m_{STBC}} \right) \cdot N_{DBPS}} + {m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{LAST},{init}}} - {8 \cdot {APEP\_ LENGTH}} - {N_{tail} \cdot N_{ES}} - N_{ser\nu ice}}}{where}{N_{{DBPS},{LAST},{init}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{init} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short}}},{{{if}a_{init}} < 4}} \\{N_{DBPS},{{{if}a_{init}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$

At step 308, the final a-factor value and the final number of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 are computed based on the initialnumber of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and the initial a-factorvalue. In the case of BCC, the final number of OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 is N_(SYM)=N_(SYM_init), and the final a-factor isa=a_(int). In the case of LDPC, it is necessary to go through the LDPCencoding process in order to compute the final a-factor value and thefinal number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120. Starting from

${N_{pld} = {{\left( {N_{SYM\_ init} - m_{STBC}} \right) \cdot N_{DBPS}} + {m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{LAST},{init}}}}}{and}{N_{avbits} = {{\left( {N_{SYM\_ init} - m_{STBC}} \right) \cdot N_{CBPS}} + {m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{CBPS},{LAST},{init}}}}}{where}{N_{{CBPS},{LAST},{init}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{init} \cdot N_{{CBPS},{short}}},{{{if}a_{init}} < 4}} \\{N_{CBPS},{{{if}a_{init}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$the LDPC encoding parameters such as the LDPC codeword length L_(LDPC),the number of LDPC codewords N_(SW), the number of shortening bitsN_(shr)t, and the number of bits to be punctured N_(punc) are computedby following steps b) to d) in 20.3.11.7.5 of IEEE 802.11-2012 [see IEEEStd 802.11-2012]. At step d), if

$\left( {\left( {N_{punc} > {0.1 \cdot N_{CW} \cdot L_{LDPC} \cdot \left( {1 - R} \right)}} \right)\mspace{14mu}{AND}\mspace{14mu}\left( {N_{shrt} < {1.2 \cdot N_{punc} \cdot \frac{R}{1 - R}}} \right)} \right)$is true OR(N _(punc)>0.3·N _(CW) ·L _(LDPC)·(1−R))is true (i.e., the condition for setting the LDPC Extra Symbol field inthe HE-SIG-A 110 to 1 is met),

N a ⁢ v ⁢ b ⁢ i ⁢ t ⁢ s = { N avbits + m STBC · ( N CBPS - 3 · N CBPS , short) , if ⁢ a init = 3 N avbits + m STBC · N CBPS , short , otherwise , Npunc = max ⁡ ( 0 , N C ⁢ W · L L ⁢ P ⁢ D ⁢ C - N a ⁢ ν ⁢ b ⁢ i ⁢ t ⁢ s - N s ⁢ h ⁢ r⁢t ) ,the final number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 is

$N_{SYM} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{N_{SYM\_ init} + m_{STBC}},{{{if}a_{init}} = 4}} \\{N_{SYM\_ init},{otherwise}}\end{matrix},} \right.$the final a-factor is

$a = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{1,\ {{{if}\ a_{init}} = 4}} \\{{a_{init} + 1},\ {otherwise}}\end{matrix},} \right.$and the LDPC Extra Symbol field in the HE-SIG-A 110 sets to 1. OtherwiseNSYM=N_(SYM_init), a=a_(init), and the LDPC Extra Symbol field in theHE-SIG-A 110 sets to 0. Notice that the a-factor field in the HE-SIG-A110 is set according to the final a-factor value.

At step 310, the number of post-FEC padding bits in each of the lastsymbol(s) is computed based on the final a-factor value by the followingformula.

N_(PAD, POST − FEC) = N_(CBPS) − N_(CBPS, LAST) where$N_{{CBPS},{LAST}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a \cdot N_{{CBPS},{short}}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a} < 4}} \\{N_{CBPS},\mspace{34mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.$

At step 312, the duration of the PE field 122 is computed according tothe final a-factor value. Notice that the PE Ambiguity field in theHE-SIG-A 110 and the Length field in the L-SIG 106 can be set accordingto the final number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and theduration of the PE field 122. Details can be found in the 802.11ax SFD[see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax, November2015]. The method 300 stops at step 314.

FIG. 4 illustrates the example padding and PE for the HE packet 100 fordownlink multiuser transmission in the case of no STBC according to aprior art [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax,November 2015 & IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1, HE PHY Padding and PacketExtension, September 2015]. For downlink multiuser transmission, all theusers share the same duration of the PE field 122, the common a-factorvalue and the common number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120.The common a-factor value is determined from the user with the longestencoded packet duration. In this example, the common a-factor has avalue of 2 according to the STA2 which has the longest encoded packetduration. For each user, the pre-FEC padding pads toward the secondboundary in the last OFDM symbol of the HE data field 120.

However, there is no concrete method available for determining thepadding related parameters for downlink multiuser transmission (e.g.,the common a-factor, the common number of OFDM symbols in the HE datafield 120, per-user number of pre-FEC padding bits and per-user numberof post-FEC padding bits, etc.). Next, according to a first aspect ofthe present disclosure, various embodiments of the method fordetermining the padding and PE related parameters for downlink multiusertransmission will be explained in further details.

First Embodiment

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method 500 for determining the padding andPE related parameters for downlink multiuser transmission according to afirst embodiment of the first aspect of the present disclosure. Themethod 500 starts at step 502 based on the following parameters:N _(CBPS,short,u) =N _(SD,short,u) ·N _(ss,u) ·N _(BPSCS,u)N _(DBPS,short,u) =N _(CBPS,short,u) ·R _(u)where N_(SD,short,u) is the number of data subcarriers for each of thefirst three symbol segments for user u, determined by the size of the RUassigned to user u which is indicated in the HE-SIG-B 112; N_(SD, u) isthe number of spatial streams for user u which is indicated in theHE-SIG-B 112, R_(u) is the code rate for user u, determined by the MCSfor user u which is indicated in the HE-SIG-B 112; and N_(BPSCS, u) isthe number of coded bits per subcarrier for user u, determined by theMCS for user u which is indicated in the HE-SIG-B 112.

At step 504, an initial user-specific number of OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 and an initial user-specific a-factor value are computedfor each user. The initial user-specific number of OFDM symbols in theHE data field 120 for user u is computed by the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{N_{{{SYM}\_{init}},u} = {m_{STBC} \cdot \left\lceil \frac{{8 \cdot {APEP\_ LENGTH}_{u}} + {N_{tail} \cdot N_{{ES},u}} + N_{service}}{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},u}} \right\rceil}} & (1)\end{matrix}$where APEP_LENGTH_(u) is the A-MPDU length prior to end-of-frame MACpadding for user u; N_(ES,u) is the number of BCC encoders for user u,determined by the MCS for user u, N_(SS) for user u and the size of theRU assigned to user u which are indicated in the HE-SIG-B 112; andN_(DBPS,u) is the number of data bits per OFDM symbol, determined by theMCS for user u and the size of the RU assigned to user u which areindicated in the HE-SIG-B 112. The initial user-specific a-factor foruser u is computed by the following formula.

$\begin{matrix}{a_{{init},u} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix}{1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu} 0} < N_{{excess},u} \leq {m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{{DBPS}\_{short}},u}}}} \\{2,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}}} < N_{{excess},u} \leq {2 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}}}} \\{3,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{2 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}}} < N_{{excess},u} \leq {3 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}}}} \\{4,{{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{3 \cdot m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}}} < N_{{excess},u} \leq {{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},u}}\mspace{14mu}{OR}\mspace{14mu} N_{{excess},u}}} = 0}}\end{matrix}{where}N_{{excess},u}} = {{mod}\left( {{{8 \cdot {APEP\_ LENGTH}_{u}} + {N_{tail} \cdot N_{{ES},u}} + N_{service}},{m_{STBC} \cdot N_{{DBPS},u}}} \right)}} \right.} & (2)\end{matrix}$

At step 506, an initial user with the longest encoded packet duration isdetermined based on the initial user-specific number of OFDM symbols inthe HE data field 120 and the initial user-specific a-factor value foreach user by the following formula

$u_{\max\_{init}} = {\underset{u \in U}{argmax}\left\{ a_{{init},u} \right\}}$where$U = {\max\limits_{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}\left\{ N_{{{SYM}\_{init}},u} \right\}}$and N_(user) is the total number of users. The initial largest number ofOFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 shnwn by the following formula

N_(SYM_max _init) = N_(SYM_init, u_(max _init))and the initial common a-factor value is shown by the following formula.

a_(init) = a_(init, u_(max _init))

At step 508, the number of pre-FEC padding bits for each user iscomputed based on the initial largest number of OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 and the initial common a-factor value. For example, thenumber of pre-FEC padding bits for user u is given by the followingformula.

N_(PAD, PRE − FEC, u) = (N_(SYM_max _init) − m_(STBC)) ⋅ N_(DBPS, u) + m_(STBC) ⋅ N_(DBPS, LAST, init, u) − 8 ⋅ APEP_LENGTH_(u) − N_(tail) ⋅ N_(ES, u) − N_(service)     where $\mspace{76mu}{N_{{DBPS},{LAST},u} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{init} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} < 4}} \\{N_{{DBPS},u},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$

At step 510, the final common number of OFDM symbols in the HE datafield 120 and the final common a-factor value are computed based on theinitial largest number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and theinitial common a-factor value. At first, the user-specific a-factorvalue and the user-specific number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field120 are computed for each user based on the initial largest number ofOFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and the initial common a-factorvalue. For a user using LDPC, it is necessary to go through the LDPCencoding process in order to compute the user-specific a-factor valueand the user-specific number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120.For example, if user u uses LDPC, starting from

     N_(pld, u) = (N_(SYM_max _init) − m_(STBC)) ⋅ N_(DBPS, u) + m_(STBC) ⋅ N_(DBPS, LAST, init, u)     andN_(avbits, u) = (N_(SYM_max _init) − m_(STBC)) ⋅ N_(CBPS, u) + m_(STBC) ⋅ N_(CBPS, LAST, init, u)     where$\mspace{76mu}{N_{{CBPS},{LAST},{init},u} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{init} \cdot N_{{CBPS},{short},u}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} < 4}} \\{N_{{CBPS},u},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$the LDPC encoding parameters L_(LDPC,u), N_(CW,u), N_(shrt,u) andN_(punc,u) for user u are computed by following steps b) to d) in20.3.11.7.5 of IEEE 802.11-2012 [see IEEE Std 802.11-2012]. At step d),if (N_(punc,u)>0.1*N_(CW,u)*L_(LDPC,u)*(1−R_(u))) AND(N_(shrt,u)<1.2*N_(punc,u)*(R_(u)/(1−Ru)) is true OR(N_(punc,u)>0.3*N_(CW,u)*L_(LDPC,u)*(1−Ru)) is true (i.e., the conditionfor setting the LDPC Extra Symbol field in the HE-SIG-A 110 to 1 ismet),

$N_{{SYM},u} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{N_{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}} + m_{STBC}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}} \\{N_{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},\mspace{101mu}{otherwise}}\end{matrix},{a_{u} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{1,\mspace{56mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}} \\{{a_{init} + 1},{otherwise}}\end{matrix},} \right.}} \right.$and the LDPC Extra Symbol field in the HE-SIG-A 110 shall be set to 1.Otherwise N_(SYM,u)=N_(SYM_max,init) and a_(u)=a_(init). If user u usesBCC, N_(SYM,u)=N_(SYM_max,init) and a_(u)=a_(int). Next, the final userwith the longest encoded packet duration is determined based on theuser-specific a-factor values and the user-specific numbers of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 for all the users. IfN_(SYM,o)=N_(SYM,1)= . . . =N_(SYM,Nuser-1), the final user with thelongest encoded packet duration is shown by the following formula.

$u_{\max} = {\underset{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}{argmax}\left\{ a_{u} \right\}}$

Otherwise the final user with the longest encoded packet duration isshown by the following formula.

$u_{\max} = {\underset{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}{argmax}\left\{ N_{{SYM},u} \right\}}$

Finally, the final common number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field120 is N_(SYM)=N_(SYM,umax) and the final common a-factor is a=a_(umax).It should be noted that the a-factor field in the HE-SIG-A 110 is setaccording to the final common a-factor value.

According to the above descriptions of step 510, if all the users useBCC or if the condition for setting the LDPC Extra Symbol field in theHE-SIG-A 110 to 1 is not met for any user using LDPC, the final commonnumber of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 isN_(SYM)=N_(SYM_max,int) and the final common a-factor is a=a_(init).Otherwise, the final common number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field120 is shown by the following formula

$N_{SYM} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{N_{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}} + m_{STBC}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}} \\{N_{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},\mspace{101mu}{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$and the final common a-factor is shown by the following formula.

$a = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{1,\mspace{56mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{init}} = 4}} \\{{a_{init} + 1},{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$

In addition, some LDPC encoding parameters for the users using LDPC needto be updated based on the final common a-factor value and the finalcommon number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120. For example, foruser u using LDPC, the number of available bits is updated by thefollowing formula

N_(avbits, u) = (N_(SYM) − m_(STBC)) ⋅ N_(CBPS, u) + m_(STBC) ⋅ N_(CBPS, LAST, u)where $N_{{CBPS},{LAST},u} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a \cdot N_{{CBPS},{short},u}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a} < 4}} \\{N_{{CBPS},u},\mspace{40mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.$and the number of bits to be punctured is updated byN _(punc,u)=max(0,N _(CW,u) ·L _(LPDC) −N _(avbits,u) −N _(shrt,u))

At step 512, the number of post-FEC padding bits in each of the lastsymbol(s) for each user is computed based on the final common a-factorvalue. For example, the number of post-FEC padding bits in each of thelast symbol(s) for user u is given by the following formula.N _(PAD,POST-FEC,u) =N _(CBPS,u) −N _(CBPS,LAST,u)

At step 514, the common duration of the PE field 122 is computed basedon the final common a-factor value. Notice that the PE Ambiguity fieldin the HE-SIG-A 110 and the Length field in the L-SIG 106 can be setaccording to the final common number of OFDM symbols in the HE datafield 120 and the common duration of the PE field 122. Details can befound in the 802.11ax SFD [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, SpecificationFramework for TGax, November 2015]. The method 500 stops at step 516.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 6 illustrates an example method 600 for determining the padding andPE related parameters for downlink multiuser transmission according to asecond embodiment of the first aspect of the present disclosure. Themethod 600 starts at step 602.

At step 604, an initial user-specific number of OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 is computed for each user. For example, the initialuser-specific number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for useru, N_(SYM_init,u), is computed according to Equation (1). Next aninitial largest number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 iscomputed based on the initial user-specific number of OFDM symbols inthe HE data field 120 for each user by the following formula.

$\begin{matrix}{N_{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}} = {\max\limits_{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}\left\{ N_{{{SYM}\_{init}},u} \right\}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

At step 606, an initial common a-factor value is computed based on theinitial largest number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120. Atfirst a subset of users, S, with the initial largest number of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 is determined by the formula below.

$S = {\underset{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}{argmax}\left\{ N_{{{SYM}\_{init}},u} \right\}}$

Then, an initial user-specific a-factor value is computed for each userin the subset. For example, an initial user-specific a-factor value foruser u in the subset, a_(init,u), is computed according to Equation (2).Finally, the initial common a-factor is shown by the formula below.

$a_{init} = {\max\limits_{u \in S}\left\{ a_{{init},u} \right\}}$

Step 608 to step 614 of the method 600 are the same as step 508 to step514 of the method 500, respectively. The method 600 stops at step 616.

According to step 604 and step 606 of the method 600, in order tocalculate the initial common a-factor value and the initial largestnumber of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120, the initialuser-specific a-factor values only for a subset of users need to becomputed. As a result, the method 600 is more efficient than the method500 in terms of computational complexity.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 7 illustrates an example method 700 for determining the padding andPE related parameters for downlink multiuser transmission according to athird embodiment of the first aspect of the present disclosure. Themethod 700 starts at step 702.

At step 704, an initial user with the longest encoded packet duration isdetermined by the following formula.

$u_{\max\_{init}} = {\underset{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{user} - 1}}{argmax}\left\{ \frac{{8 \cdot {APEP\_ LENGTH}_{u}} + {N_{tail} \cdot N_{{ES},u}} + N_{service}}{N_{{DBPS},u}} \right\}}$

At step 706, an initial largest number of OFDM symbols in the HE datafield 120 and an initial common a-factor value are computed according tothe initial user with the longest encoded packet duration. The initiallargest number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 is computed byN_(SYM_max_init)=N_(SYM_init,umax_init), where the initial number ofOFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for user u_(max_init),N_(SYM_init,umax_init), can be computed according to Equation (1). Theinitial common a-factor is a_(int)=a_(init, umax_init), where theinitial user-specific a-factor for user u_(max_init),a_(init,umax_init), can be computed according to Equation (2).

Step 708 to step 714 of the method 700 are the same as step 508 to step514 of the method 500, respectively. The method 700 stops at step 716.

According to step 704 and step 706 of the method 700, in order tocalculate the initial common a-factor value and the initial largestnumber of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120, the initialuser-specific a-factor value only for a single user needs to becomputed. As a result, the method 700 is even more efficient than themethod 600 in terms of computational complexity.

With reference to FIG. 4 , according to the prior arts [see IEEE802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax, November 2015 &IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1, HE PHY Padding and Packet Extension, September2015], even if the last OFDM symbol in the HE data field 120 may notcontain information bits for some users (e.g., STA3 and STA4), theseusers are still required to process the last OFDM symbol in the HE datafield 120, which leads to increased power consumption.

According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, all users aregrouped into two groups. The first group comprises at least one userthat has FEC encoded bits spanned over all of the OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120. The second group comprises the users that have FECencoded bits spanned over only a part of the OFDM symbols in the HE datafield 120.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example method for user grouping according to thesecond aspect of the present disclosure. The method 800 starts step 802.At step 804, an initial number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120for each user is computed. For example, an initial number of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 for user u, N_(SYM_init,u), can becomputed according to Equation (1). Then, an initial largest number ofOFDM symbols in the HE data field 120, N_(SYM_max_init), can be computedaccording to Equation (3) based on the initial number of OFDM symbols inthe HE data field 120 for each user.

At step 806, the users multiplexed in RUs designated for single usertransmission are grouped into the first group and the second group. Foruser u multiplexed in a RU designated for single user transmission, itwill be grouped into the second group ifN _(SYM_init,u) ≤N _(SYM_max_init) −Mwhere M is a positive integer (e.g., M=1) and its value is predeterminedor configurable. Otherwise it will be grouped into the first group.

At step 808, the users multiplexed in RUs designated for MU-MIMOtransmission are grouped into the first group and the second group. Fora cluster of users multiplexed in a RU designated for MU-MIMOtransmission, at first the initial largest number of OFDM symbols in theHE data field 120 among the cluster of users is determined by thefollowing formula:

$N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},{cluster}} = {\max\limits_{u \in C}\left\{ N_{{{SYM}\_{init}},u} \right\}}$where C stands for the cluster of users multiplexed in the RU designatedfor MU-MIMO transmission. The whole cluster of users will be groupedinto the second group if the following condition is met.N _(SYM_max_init,cluster) ≤N _(SYM_max_init) −M

Otherwise the whole cluster of users will be grouped into the firstgroup. In other words, the whole cluster of users multiplexed in a RUdesignated for MU-MIMO transmission shall be grouped into the samegroup. The method 800 stops at step 810.

According to the user grouping method 800 illustrated in FIG. 8 , theinitial largest number of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120for the second group is shown by the following formula.N _(SYM_max_init,G) ₂ =N _(SYM_max_init) −M  (4)

According to the second aspect of the present disclosure, all the usersshare the common number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 and thecommon duration of the PE field 122. The common number of OFDM symbolsin the HE data field 120 and the common duration of the PE field 122,together with other padding related parameters specific to the firstgroup (e.g., the a-factor for the first group), can be determinedaccording to the user in the first group with the longest encoded packetduration using one of the methods according to the abovementioned threeembodiments of the first aspect of the present disclosure. For each ofthe users in the first group, the pre-FEC padding pads towards theboundary in the last OFDM symbol(s) in the HE data field 120, specifiedby the a-factor value for the first group.

According to the second aspect of the present disclosure, the paddingrelated parameters specific to the second group (e.g., the number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group andthe a-factor for the second group) are determined according to the userin the second group with the longest encoded packet duration. Themethods for determining the padding related parameters specific to thesecond group will be detailed later. The useful OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 for the second group refer to those OFDM symbols in theHE data field 120 that contain FEC encoded bits for at least one of theusers in the second group. For each of the users in the second group,the pre-FEC padding pads towards the boundary in the last useful OFDMsymbol(s) in the HE data field 120 for the second group, specified bythe a-factor value for the second group.

FIG. 9 illustrates example padding and packet extension for the HEpacket 100 for downlink multiuser transmission in the case of no STBCaccording to the second aspect of the present disclosure. In thisexample, the first group comprises STA1 and STA2 while the second groupcomprises STA3 and STA4. The a-factor for the first group has a value of2 and the a-factor for the second group has a value of 3. The number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group is onesymbol less than the common number of OFDM symbols in the HE data field120. In other words, for each of the users in the first group (i.e.,STA1 and STA2), the pre-FEC padding pads towards the second boundary inthe last OFDM symbol in the HE data field 120; while for each of theusers in the second group (i.e., STA3 and STA4), the pre-FEC paddingpads towards the third boundary in the second last OFDM symbol in the HEdata field 120. As a result, the users in the second group (i.e., STA3and STA4) need not to process the last OFDM symbol in the HE data field120 and therefore power consumption is reduced compared with the priorarts [see IEEE 802.11-15/0132r13, Specification Framework for TGax,November 2015 & IEEE 802.11-15/0810r1, HE PHY Padding and PacketExtension, September 2015].

Fourth Embodiment

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 for determining the paddingrelated parameters specific to the second group according to the firstembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure. The method1000 starts at step 1002. At step 1004, an initial user-specifica-factor value is computed for each user in the second group. Forexample, the initial user-specific a-factor for user u, a_(init,u), inthe second group can be computed according to Equation (2).

At step 1006, an initial user in the second group with the longestencoded packet duration is determined based on the initial user-specifica-factor value for each user in the second group and the initial largestnumber of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the secondgroup, N_(SYM_max_init,G2), which can be obtained according to Equation(4) during the user grouping. At first a subset of users, U, in thesecond group with the initial largest number of useful OFDM symbols inthe HE data field 120 is determined by the following formula:

$U = {\underset{{u = 0},1,\cdots,{N_{{user},G_{2}} - 1}}{argmax}\left\{ N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},G_{2}} \right\}}$where N_(user,G2) is the number of users in the second group. Theinitial user in the second group with the longest encoded packetduration is determined by the following formula.

$u_{\max\_{init}} = {\underset{u \in U}{argmax}\left\{ a_{{init},u} \right\}}$

Then, the initial common a-factor value for the second group is shown bythe following formula.

a_(init, G₂) = a_(init, u_(max _init))

At step 1008, the number of pre-FEC padding bits for each user in thesecond group are computed based on the initial largest number of usefulOFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group and theinitial common a-factor value for the second group. For example, thenumber of pre-FEC padding bits for user u in the second group iscomputed by the following formula.

N_(PAD, PRE − FEC, u) = (N_(SYM_max _init, G₂) − m_(STBC)) ⋅ N_(DBPS, u) + m_(STBC) ⋅ N_(DBPS, LAST, init, u) − 8 ⋅ APEP_LENGTH_(u) − N_(tail) ⋅ N_(ES, u) − N_(service),     where$\mspace{76mu}{N_{{DBPS},{LAST},{init},u} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{{init},G_{2}} \cdot N_{{DBPS},{short},u}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} < 4}} \\{N_{{DBPS},u},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$

At step 1010, the final common number of useful OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 for the second group and the final common a-factor valuefor the second group are computed based on the initial largest number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group andthe initial common a-factor value for the second group. Similar to step510 of the method 500 as illustrated in FIG. 5 , it is necessary to gothrough the LDPC encoding process in order to compute the final commonnumber of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the secondgroup and the final common a-factor value for the second group if atleast one user in the second group uses LDPC. If all the users in thesecond group use BCC or if the condition for setting the LDPC ExtraSymbol for the Second Group field in the HE-SIG-A 110 to 1 is not metfor any user in the second group using LDPC, the final common number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group isN_(SYM,G2)=N_(SYM_max_init,G2) and the final common a-factor for thesecond group is a_(G2)=a_(init,G2). Otherwise the final common number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group isshown by the following formula

$N_{{SYM},G_{2}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},G_{2}} + m_{STBC}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} = 4}} \\{N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},G_{2}},\mspace{95mu}{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$and the final common a-factor for the second group is shown by thefollowing formula.

$a_{G_{2}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{1,\mspace{56mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} = 4}} \\{{a_{{init},G_{2}} + 1},{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$

At step 1012, the number of post-FEC padding bits for each user in thesecond group is computed based on the final common a-factor value forthe second group, the final common number of useful OFDM symbols in theHE data field 120 for the second group and the common number of OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120. For example, the number of post-FECpadding bits for user u in the second group is computed by the followingformula.

$N_{{PAD},{{POST} - {FEC}},u} = {{\frac{N_{SYM} - N_{{SYM},G_{2}}}{m_{STBC}} \cdot N_{{CBPS},u}} + N_{{CBPS},u} - N_{{CBPS},{LAST},u}}$     where $\mspace{76mu}{N_{{CBPS},{LAST},u} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{a_{G_{2}} \cdot N_{{CBPS},{short},u}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{G_{2}}} < 4}} \\{N_{{CBPS},u},\mspace{40mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{G_{2}}} = 4}}\end{matrix} \right.}$

The method 1000 stops at step 1014.

FIG. 11 illustrates the content of the HE-SIG-A 110 of the HE packet 100according to the first embodiment of the second aspect of the presentdisclosure. The following signalling fields are required in the HE-SIG-A110:

-   -   Number of Groups, which indicates whether there is a single user        group or two user groups;    -   PE Disambiguity;    -   a-factor for the First Group;    -   LDPC Extra Symbol for the First Group;    -   a-factor for the Second Group;    -   LDPC Extra Symbol for the Second Group; and    -   Value of M

Notice that in the case of a single user group, the a-factor for theSecond Group field, the LDPC Extra Symbol for the Second Group field andthe Value of M field are reserved. In addition, if the value of M ispredetermined, the Value of M field can be ignored.

FIG. 12 illustrates the content of each user-specific subfield of theHE-SIG-B 112 of the HE packet 100 according to the first embodiment ofthe second aspect of the present disclosure. A Group Indication fieldshall be present in each user-specific subfield of the HE-SIG-B 112 toindicate which one of the first group and the second group each userbelongs to.

Fifth Embodiment

According to a second embodiment of the second aspect of the presentdisclosure, the condition for setting the LDPC Extra Symbol for theSecond Group field in the HE-SIG-A 110 to 1 is assumed to be met for atleast one user in the second group. As a result, the LDPC Extra Symbolfor the Second Group field in the HE-SIG-A 110 can be ignored, whichleads to reduced signaling requirement in the HE-SIG-A 110. Furthermore,unlike the first embodiment of the second aspect of the presentdisclosure, there is no need to go through the LDPC encoding process inorder to compute the final common a-factor value for the second groupand the final common number of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field120 for the second group.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example method 1300 for determining the paddingrelated parameters for the second group according to the secondembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure. The method1300 starts at step 1302. Step 1304 to step 1308 of the method 1300 arethe same as step 1004 to step 1008 of the method 1000, respectively.

At step 1310, the final common number of useful OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 for the second group and the final common a-factor valuefor the second group are computed based on the initial largest number ofuseful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group andthe initial common a-factor value for the second group. If LDPC is usedby at least one of the users in the second group, the final commonnumber of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the secondgroup is shown by the following formula.

$N_{{SYM},G_{2}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},G_{2}} + m_{STBC}},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} = 4}} \\{N_{{{{SYM}\_\max}{\_{init}}},G_{2}},\mspace{95mu}{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$

The final common a-factor value for the second group is shown by thefollowing formula.

$a_{G_{2}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{1,\mspace{56mu}{{{if}\mspace{14mu} a_{{init},G_{2}}} = 4}} \\{{a_{{init},G_{2}} + 1},{otherwise}}\end{matrix} \right.$

If BCC is used by all of the users in the second group, the final commonnumber of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for the secondgroup is shown by the following formula.N _(SYM,G2) =N _(SYM_max_init,G) ₂

The final common a-factor value for the second group is shown by thefollowing formula.a _(G2) =a _(init,G) ₂

The method 1312 of the method 1100 is the same as step 1012 of themethod 1000. The method 1300 stops at step 1314.

Sixth Embodiment

According to a third embodiment of the second aspect of the presentdisclosure, the final common a-factor value for the second group a_(G2)has a value of 1 and the condition for setting the LDPC Extra Symbol forthe Second Group field to 1 is met for at least one user in the secondgroup. As a result, the a-factor for the Second Group field and the LDPCExtra Symbol for the Second Group field in the HE-SIG-A 110 can beignored, which leads to reduced signaling requirement in the HE-SIG-A110. Furthermore, similar to the second embodiment of the second aspectof the present disclosure, there is no need to go through the LDPCencoding process in order to compute the final common a-factor value forthe second group and the final common number of useful OFDM symbols inthe HE data field 120 for the second group.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example method 1400 for determining the paddingrelated parameters for the second group according to the thirdembodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure. The method1400 starts at step 1402. At step 1408, the number of pre-FEC paddingbits for each user in the second group are computed based on the initiallargest number of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for thesecond group, N_(SYM_max_init,G2), which can be obtained according toEquation (4) during the user grouping. For example, the number ofpre-FEC padding bits for user u in the second group is computed by thefollowing formula.N _(PAD,PRE-FEC,u)=(N _(SYM_max_init,G) ₂ −m _(STBC))·N _(DBPS,u) +m_(STBC) ·N _(DBPS,u)−8·APEP_LENGTH_(u) −N _(tail) −N _(ES,u) −N_(service)

At step 1410, the final common number of useful OFDM symbols in the HEdata field 120 for the second group is computed based on the initiallargest number of useful OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120 for thesecond group by the following formula.N _(SYM,G) ₂ =N _(SYM_max_init,G) ₂ +m _(STBC)

At step 1412, the number of post-FEC padding bits for each user in thesecond group is computed based on the final common number of useful OFDMsymbols in the HE data field 120 for the second group and the commonnumber of OFDM symbols in the HE data field 120. For example, the numberof post-FEC padding bits for user u in the second group is computed bythe following formula.

$N_{{PAD},{{POST} - {FEC}},u} = {{\frac{N_{SYM} - N_{{SYM},G_{2}}}{m_{STBC}} \cdot N_{{CBPS},u}} + N_{{CBPS},u} - N_{{CBPS},{short},u}}$

The method 1400 stops at step 1414.

<Configuration of an Access Point>

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of theAP according to the present disclosure. The AP comprises a controller1502, a scheduler 1504, a message generator 1508, a message processor1506, a PHY processor 1510 and an antenna 1512.

The antenna 1512 can comprise one antenna port or a combination of aplurality of antenna ports. The controller 1502 is a MAC protocolcontroller and controls general MAC protocol operations. For downlinktransmission, the scheduler 1504 performs frequency scheduling under thecontrol of the controller 1502 based on channel quality indicators(CQIs) from STAs and assigns data for STAs to RUs.

The scheduler 1504 also outputs the resource assignment results to themessage generator 1508. The message generator 1508 generatescorresponding control signaling (i.e., common control information,resource assignment information and per-user allocation information) anddata for scheduled STAs, which are formulated by the PHY processor 1510into the HE packets and transmitted through the antenna 1512. Inparticular, the controller 1502 computes the padding and PE relatedparameters according to the above mentioned embodiments of the variousaspects of the present disclosure, which are provided to the PHYprocessor 1510 to guide the formulation of the HE packet, includingpadding and packet extension according to the above mentionedembodiments of the various aspects of the present disclosure.

On the other hand, the message processor 1506 analyzes the received CQIsfrom STAs through the antenna 1512 under the control of the controller1502 and provides them to scheduler 1504 and controller 1502. These CQIsare received with quality information reported from the STAs. The CQImay also be referred to as “CSI” (Channel State Information).

<Configuration of a STA>

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration of theSTA according to the present disclosure. The STA comprises a controller1602, a message generator 1604, a message processor 1606, a PHYprocessor 1608 and an antenna 1610.

The controller 1602 is a MAC protocol controller and controls generalMAC protocol operations. The antenna 1610 can comprise one antenna portor a combination of a plurality of antenna ports. For downlinktransmission, the antenna 1610 receives downlink signal including HEpackets, and the message processor 1606 identifies its designated RUsand its specific allocation information from the control signalingincluded in the received HE packet, and decodes its specific data fromthe received HE packet at its designated RUs according to its specificallocation information. Padding and packet extension applied to thereceived HE packet was formulated by the AP according to the abovementioned embodiments of the various aspects of the present disclosure.The message processor 1606 estimates channel quality from the receivedHE packet through the antenna 1610 and provides this information tocontroller 1602. The message generator 1604 generates a CQI message,which is formulated by the PHY processor 1608 and transmitted throughthe antenna 1610.

In the foregoing embodiments, the present disclosure is configured withhardware by way of example, but the present disclosure may also beprovided by software in cooperation with hardware.

In addition, the functional blocks used in the descriptions of theembodiments are typically implemented as LSI devices, which areintegrated circuits. The functional blocks may be formed as individualchips, or a part or all of the functional blocks may be integrated intoa single chip. The term “LSI” is used herein, but the terms “IC,”“system LSI,” “super LSI” or “ultra LSI” may be used as well dependingon the level of integration.

In addition, the circuit integration is not limited to LSI and may beachieved by dedicated circuitry or a general-purpose processor otherthan an LSI. After fabrication of LSI, a field programmable gate array(FPGA), which is programmable, or a reconfigurable processor whichallows reconfiguration of connections and settings of circuit cells inLSI, may be used.

Should a circuit integration technology replacing LSI appear as a resultof advancements in semiconductor technology or other technologiesderived from the technology, the functional blocks could be integratedusing such a technology. Another possibility is the application ofbiotechnology and/or the like.

This disclosure can be applied to a method for formatting andtransmitting data in a wireless communications system.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit comprising: controlcircuitry, which, in operation, controls generating a signal including aplurality of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbolsfor a data field, wherein a last OFDM symbol of the plurality of OFDMsymbols is partitioned into four segments, the four segments ending withfour boundaries, respectively, and the signal is generated based onpre-FEC (Forward Error Correction) padding bits added toward one of thefour boundaries of the last OFDM symbol and post-FEC padding bits addedin remaining segment(s) of the last OFDM symbol, the one of fourpossible boundaries being represented by a common padding factor value;and transmitting the signal; and at least one output coupled to thecontrol circuitry, which, in operation outputs an electric signal,wherein the common padding factor value is a padding factor value of auser with the longest packet duration among a plurality of users, and isdetermined based on defined padding factor values of the plurality ofusers and based on corresponding numbers of OFDM symbols for the datafield of the plurality of users, and the longest packet duration isdetermined by comparing tentative packet durations of the plurality ofusers, the tentative packet durations being calculated based on thedefined padding factor values and the corresponding numbers of OFDMsymbols.
 2. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein anumber of the pre-FEC padding bits is determined for each of theplurality of users based on the common padding factor value.
 3. Theintegrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein information bits andthe pre-FEC padding bits in the data field are encoded using either aBinary Convolutional Code (BCC) or a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC). 4.The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the data fieldincludes information bits, and a padding factor value for each of theplurality of users is determined based on the information bits.
 5. Theintegrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein a number of thepost-FEC padding bits is determined based on the common padding factorvalue.
 6. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein when theplurality of users are grouped into a first group and a second group,and the second group has a shorter packet duration than the first group,the pre-FEC padding bits are added toward one of the four boundaries ofthe last OFDM symbol in the signal for the first group; and the pre-FECpadding bits are added toward one of the four boundaries of an OFDMsymbol other than the last OFDM symbol and the pre-FEC padding bits arenot included in the last OFDM symbol in the signal for the second group.